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Ulster Defence Association
The Ulster Defence Association (UDA) is an Irish paramilitary group. They are the largest〔http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/organ/uorgan.htm〕 Ulster loyalist paramilitary and vigilante〔Mulholland, Marc. ''Northern Ireland: A very short introduction''. Oxford University Press, 2002. p.80〕 group in Northern Ireland. It was formed in September 1971 and undertook a campaign of almost twenty-four years during the Troubles. For most of this time it was a legal organization. Its declared goal was to defend Ulster Protestant loyalist areas and to combat Irish republicanism, particularly the Irish Republican Army (IRA). In the 1970s, uniformed UDA members openly patrolled these areas armed with batons and held large marches and rallies. Within the UDA was a group tasked with launching paramilitary attacks; it used the covername Ulster Freedom Fighters (UFF) so that the UDA would not be outlawed. The United Kingdom outlawed the "UFF" in November 1973, but the UDA itself was not proscribed as a terrorist group until August 1992.〔(Home Office, Government of the United Kingdom – Proscribed Terrorist Groups ). Retrieved 10 January 2010.〕
The UDA was responsible for at least 300 deaths. The vast majority of its victims were Irish Catholic civilians,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Sutton Index of Deaths: Crosstabulations ) – choose "organisation" as First Variable and "status summary" as Second Variable〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Sutton Index of Deaths: Crosstabulations ) – choose "organisation" as First Variable and "religion summary" as Second Variable〕 killed at random, in what the group called retaliation for IRA actions or attacks on Protestants.〔Sarah Nelson, ''Ulster's Uncertain Defenders: Loyalists and the Northern Ireland Conflict'', Published by Appletree Press, Belfast, (1984), pp.117–127〕〔David McKittrick, (Ireland: 'Many of Belfast's most deadly acronyms are now back in action, ) ''The Independent'', 20 January 1998〕 High-profile attacks carried out by the group include the Milltown massacre, the Sean Graham bookmakers' shooting, the Castlerock killings and the Greysteel massacre. Most of its attacks were in Northern Ireland, but from 1972 onward it also carried out bombings in the Republic of Ireland. The UDA declared a ceasefire in 1994 and ended its campaign in 2007, but some of its members have continued to engage in violence.
The other main loyalist paramilitary group during the conflict was the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF).
==History==
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